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The Qur'an
never altered? - 1 Day Ago -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On the preservation of the Quran with original manuscript.. quick read: Quote: Originally Posted by Gossamer skye this might be helpful.. it is very comprehensive: The Qur'anic Manuscripts
There has been a polemic going on that the Qur'an does not
have manuscripts from the first century of hijra. However, this is not true.
Many fragments of early Qur'anic manuscripts were shown by Orientalists notably
Nabia Abbott in her work The Rise of the North Arabic script and its Kur'anic
development, with a full description of the Kur'an manuscripts in the Oriental
Institute (1939, University of Chicago Press). There she discusses some of the
Quranic manuscripts, dated from second half of the first century hijra onwards,
at the Oriental Institute, The dig at the Great Mosque in Ṣanʿāʾ, The UNESCO, an arm of the United Nations, had compiled a CD containing some of the dated Ṣanʿāʾ manuscripts as a part of "Memory of the World" programme. In this CD there are more than 40 Qur'anic manuscripts which are dated from 1st century of hijra, one of them belonging to early 1st century. More than 45 manuscripts have been dated from the period 1st / 2nd century of hijra.We will be showing only a few examples below. A few more examples of the 1st and 1st / 2nd century
Qur'anic manuscripts can be found in the book Maṣāḥif
Ṣanʿāʾ (1985, Dār al-Athar al-Islāmiyyah). This
book is a catalogue of an exhibition at the A few words of caution concerning the dating of the Qur'anic manuscripts need to be mentioned. It is to be remembered that assigning a date to an undated early Qur'anic manuscript is rarely simple especially in the absence of wakf marking. There is a tendency to assume that those in large scripts and without vowels are of the earliest date. This assumption, true to some extent, is nevertheless misleading in two respects. It ignores that fact that small as well as large maṣāḥif of the Qur'an were among the earliest written and that both types continued to be written thereafter. Though the assumption that manuscripts with the vowels must be considered later than those without is true in some cases, it is not always so, for some very early manuscripts of the Qur'an, originally written without vowels, may well have been voweled later. Furthermore, the first vowel system came into use shortly after the first maṣāḥif were written. There are also examples of later maṣāḥif which were unvoweled even after 3 centuries after hijra! As a matter of caution, we stress the fact that we are only showing a single leaf of the manuscripts in the cases below. A manuscript may contain additional sūrahs. The reader is advised to go through the references for additional information. Looking for something similar? Try 1. The Qur'anic Script & Palaeography On The Origins Of The Kufic Script The Christian missionaries have claimed that the Kufic script originated not earlier than 150 years after hijra. They have argued that it is also the view of both Martin Lings and Yasin Safadi. This article is a devastating refutation of their claims. The Dotting Of A Script And The Dating Of An Era: The Strange Neglect Of PERF 558, A. Jones, Islamic Culture, 1998, Volume LXXII, No. 4, pp. 95-103. It is usually assumed that the dotting of the Arabic script began with the advent of dotting of Qur'anic manuscripts. However, recent observation on a 70 year old Arabic papyri has shown conclusively that dotting was available as early as 22 AH, perhaps even earlier. Radiocarbon (Carbon-14) Dating And The Qur'ānic Manuscripts Radiocarbon dating of ancient Qur'anic manuscripts in the literature is very rare. Can radiocarbon dating provide more accurate results than traditional palaeographic techniques and associated methods? A discussion of the scientific principles underpinning this radiometric dating technique, together with some practical examples from actual Qur'anic manuscripts, highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this procedure as compared to more traditional palaeographic based methods. From Alphonse Mingana To Christoph Luxenberg: Arabic Script & The Alleged Syriac Origins Of The Qur'an A path-breaking discourse or is it yet another headline grabbing exercise? You decide! Dated Texts Containing The Qur’an From 1-100 AH / 622-719 CE. The corpus of dated texts containing the Qur'an from 1-100 AH / 622-719 CE proving the early codification of the Qur'an in Arabic. 2. Examples Of The Qur'anic Manuscripts THE ʿUTHMĀNIC MANUSCRIPTS No discussion about the Qur'anic manuscripts begins without the mention of the ʿUthmānic manuscripts of the Qur'an. Narrations differ as to how many copies were directly ordered and sent out by the Caliph ʿUthmān, but they range from four to seven. It seems certain from various Muslim historical sources that several were lost, through fire amongst other things. There are some copies that are attributed to ʿUthmān. However, it is to be added that there is a disagreement between the scholars whether they are truly ʿUthmānic. Some Western scholars have rejected the Qur'anic manuscripts attributed to ʿUthmān as "pious forgeries" without showing any scientific evidence (i.e., study of the parchment, script, ink etc.). This itself is unscientific to an extreme. We will discuss some important manuscripts attributed to ʿUthmān below. The "Qur'ān
Of ʿUthmān" At A folio from a Qur'anic manuscript in The "Qur'ān
Of ʿUthmān" At The Topkapi Museum, This manuscript was written in Kufic script and contains 408 folios. The extant folios contain more than 99% of the text of the Qur'an. Only two folios are missing. The manuscript shows the script, illumination and marking of vowels that are from the Umayyad times (i.e., late 1st century / early 2nd century of hijra). The "Qur'ān
Of ʿUthmān" At A manuscript written in the late ḥijāzī script, containing about 40% of the text of the Qur'an, with full texts of 22 surahs and fragments of another 22. The Al-Hussein Mosque Manuscript. FIRST CENTURY HIJRA There exist at least four Qur'anic manuscripts that are primarily dated to first half of the first century of hijra (i.e., before 50 AH / 670 CE). These are not the ‘Uthmanic Qur'ans and are parchments written in the ḥijazi script. Codex Ṣanʿāʾ – Inv. No. 01-27.1: Mid-1st Century Of Hijra. Perhaps the most significant manuscript of the Qur'an palimpsest so far discovered at Ṣanʿāʾ, this codex is datable to the middle of the first century of hijra. The leaves from codex Ṣanʿāʾ inv. 01-27.1 have appeared under the hammer at auction houses like Christie's, Sotheby's and Bonham's; the most recent one at Christie's in 2008 fetching a remarkable sum of £2,200,000, around fifteen times the estimated asking price. This codex exemplifies the principal tendencies of the early ḥijāzī script and is of tremendous importance regarding the textual transmission of the Qur'an, Arabic palaeography, codicology and other related disciplines. Below is a detailed description of some of the folios from this codex. A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra: Part Of Sūrah Luqmān And Sūrah al-Sajda. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra: Part Of Sūrah al-Sajda And Sūrah al-Ahzāb. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-‘Imran. Verses number : End Of Verse 45 To 54 And Part Of 55. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-Shura, Surah al-Zukhruf. Verses number : End Of Verse 49 Of Surah Al-Shura To Verse 31 Of Surah al-Zukhruf And Part Of 32. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Below are the examples of the 1st century hijra manuscripts written in the ḥijāzī and the Kufic scripts. Arabe 328a: A
Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra In Bibliothèque Nationale, This is one of the most important manuscripts written in the ḥijāzī script from first century hijra. It has 58 folios; 56 of them at the the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris and one each at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana and the Nasser David Khalili Collection. This manuscript has 58 folios which contains about 28% of the total text of the Qur'an. Vat. Ar. 1605: A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra In Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. A manuscript from the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana [Vatican Library] written in the ḥijāzī script. This manuscript, one folio in the Nasser David Khalili Collection (Accession No. KFQ 60, published by Déroche) and 56 folios in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Arabe 328a) are parts of the same muṣḥaf. They all are dated to first century of hijra. MS. Or. 2165: A Qur'anic Manuscript From The 1st Century Hijra In The British Library. Hailed as by the earlier keepers of it as "probably the
earliest Qur'an ever brought to The “Great Umayyad Qur'ān” From The Time Of Caliph Al-Walīd, Late 1st Century Hijra. This monumental and the earliest Kufic Qur'anic manuscript,
perhaps one of the most well-studied and is dated to the last decade of the 1st
century of hijra, around 710 - 715 CE, in the reign of the Umayyad Caliph
al-Walīd. This manuscript is unique in the sense that it open with a group
of full page images. These images are the only known Qur'an illustrations and
are absolutely unique among extant Qur'an manuscripts. Located at Dār
al-Makhtūtāt, Ṣanʿāʾ, The ‘Mingana Palimpsest’ – A Manuscript Containing Qur'ān From 1st Century Hijra. Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis was the first scholar to publish this unique palimpsest that has scriptio superior which is a Christian material (Arabic Christian homilies) and the scriptio inferior consisting of the Qur'anic verses. Mingana presented a full transcription of the Qur'anic text of the scriptio inferior of the manuscript, with the parallel text from the present day Qur'an. But his claim of "variants" in the Qur'anic text has come under suspicion partly because of his own history of being involved in suspected forgeries. Recent study by Fedeli on this manuscript has confirmed that the "inevitable and easy conclusion" is that all of Mingana's transcription can be suspected to be wrong. A recent surge of interest in this manuscript is due to the fact that the scriptio inferior was written in the ḥijāzī script. An ‘Umayyad’ Fragment Of The Qur'ān From 1st Century Hijra. This private-owned fragment of the Qur'an was recently published by Yasin Dutton. On the basis of palaeography and radiocarbon analysis, he dated it to the second half of the 1st century of hijra / late 7th or early 8th century CE. Surah al-An‘am. Verses number : Part Of Verse 5 To 19 And Part Of 20. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-Nahl. Verses number : End Of Verse 73 To 88 And Part Of 89. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra: Part Of Sūrah Maryam & Sūrah Ṭāhā. This folio has probably been written by two different
copyists as the script in the first half is different from the second. It is
italic in the first half and regular in the second half of the fragment except
for the letter alīf. The ornamentation here is simple. Located at Dār
al-Makhtūtāt, Ṣanʿāʾ, A Qur'anic Manuscript In The Ḥijazi Script From c. 700 CE. Eight leaves (one fragmentary), 20-27 lines to the page written in brown ḥijāzī script, diacritical marks, where present, consists of oval dots or angled dashes, no vowel points, clusters of brown ink dots to indicate verse divisions, circular devices consisting of green and red dots every ten verses, one long, narrow rectangular panel of green and red decoration with a circular marginal device consisting of coloured dots on final folio, probably to indicate the sūrah heading of Sūrah al-Nisa, leaves sewn together with original stitching. It contains Sūrah āl-‘Imrān, verses 34-184. A Perg. 2: A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra. A manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Hijra: Surah al-Ma'idah. Verses 7 Through 12. A manuscript from the Beit al-Qur'an, P. Michaélidès No. 32 - A Qur'anic Manuscript From First Century Hijra. Manuscript from the Collection George Michaélidès, A Ma‘il Manuscript in
Manuscript from the Tariq FIRST / SECOND CENTURY HIJRA Codex Mixt. 917 – A Qur'ānic Manuscript From 1st / 2nd Century Hijra. This manuscript was written in either the late ḥijāzī or kufic script and contains 105 folios. The extant folios contain about 27% of the text of the Qur'an. A rare form of punctuation is also displayed in this manuscript corroborating its eighth century CE dating. Surah al-Isra' (17) Verses Number: From 20 To 22 And Part Of 23. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-Kahf (18) Verses Number: Part Of 17 To 27 And Part Of 28. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-Mumtahinah (60) Verses Number: Part Of 4 To 8 And Part Of 9. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah al-Ma'idah. Verses Number: Part Of Verse 94 To Part Of Verse 97. Manuscript from the Beit al-Qur'an, SECOND CENTURY HIJRA Surah al-Tawba, Surah Yunus: Part Of 129 From Surah Al-Tawba To Part Of 4 From Surah Yunus. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, A Perg. 203: A Qur'anic Manuscript From The Beginning Of 2nd Century Hijra In The Austrian National Library. Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 201: A Qur'anic Manuscript From The Beginning Of 2nd Century Hijra In The Austrian National Library. Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 213: A Qur'anic Manuscript From The Beginning Of 2nd Century Hijra. Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 186: A Qur'anic Manuscript From Middle Of 2nd Century Hijra In The Austrian National Library. Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 202: A
Qur'anic Manuscript From 2nd Century Hijra In The Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 207: A
Qur'anic Manuscript From 2nd Century Hijra In The Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, A Perg. 27: A
Qur'anic Manuscript From The End Of 2nd Century Hijra In The Manuscript from the Austrian National Library, The "Qur'ān
Of ʿUthmān" At This famous manuscript, also known as the Samarqand
manuscript, housed in The "Qur'ān
Of ʿUthmān" At A manuscript written in the late ḥijāzī script, containing about 40% of the text of the Qur'an, with full texts of 22 surahs and fragments of another 22. One Of The Earliest Dated Qur'anic Manuscript (107 AH / 725 CE) At Egyptian National Library. An example of one of the earliest dated Qur'anic manuscripts
at the Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya (Egyptian National Library), A Kufic Manuscript in the King Faisal Centre For Research and Islamic Studies - A Qur'anic Manuscript From 2nd Century Hijra. A manuscript from the King Faisal Centre For Research and Islamic Studies, Saudi Arabia, written in Kufic script [External Link]. SECOND / THIRD CENTURY HIJRA Surah Al-Ma'idah, Surah al-An‘am. Part Of 117 (Surah Al-Ma'idah) To Part Of 1 Of Surah Al-An‘am. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah Al-Baqarah. Part Of 80 To Part Of 81. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, Surah Al-Mursalat. 5 To 26 And Part Of 27. Located at Dār al-Makhtūtāt,
Ṣanʿāʾ, SOME UNIQUE MANUSCRIPTS The Famous "Blue" Qur'an. EXTERNAL LINKS TO THE QUR'ANIC MANUSCRIPTS Professor Brannon Wheeler's Qur'an Manuscripts Page It contains a healthy collection of Qur'anic manuscripts dated from 1st century of hijra onwards till 14th century of hijra in various scripts such as ma'il, kufic, thuluth, bihari, diwani, andalusi, maghribi and nastaliq. The Schøyen
Collection, National Library Of It has some good collection of Qur'anic manuscripts dating from as early as 2nd century of hijra. 3. The Qira'at In The Qur'anic Manuscripts Early Qur'anic
manuscripts, unlike the modern printed editions, rarely contain information of
the Qira'at in which they were written. Deciphering the Qira'at in the Qur'anic
manuscripts is a recent endeavour and a very tedious task. Scholars like Nabia
Abbott had only mentioned about Qira'at in the manuscripts in a very cursory
way. Recently, in-depth studies have been undertaken to decipher the Qira'at in
the Qur'anic manuscripts by Dr. Yasin Dutton of The Qira'at Identified In The Qur'anic Manuscripts We will also mention Dr. Dutton's publications and provide a brief overview. This section is primarily for those who have access to journals in their libraries. Y. Dutton, "An
Early Mushaf According To The This study is based on 1st century Qur'anic manuscript
"Arabe 328a" in Bibliothèque Nationale, Y. Dutton, "Some Notes On The British Library's 'Oldest Qur'an Manuscript' (Or. 2165)", Journal Of Qur'anic Studies, 2004, Volume VI (no. 1), pp. 43-71. The study by Dr. Dutton has shown that this manuscript is
remarkably similar to first century manuscript MS. Arabe 328a in Bibliothèque
Nationale, Y. Dutton, "Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots & Blue: Some Reflections On The Vocalisation Of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts - Part I", Journal Of Qur'anic Studies, 1999, Volume I (no. I), pp. 115-140. Y. Dutton, "Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots & Blue: Some Reflections On The Vocalisation Of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts - Part II", Journal Of Qur'anic Studies, 2000, Volume II (no. I), pp. 1-24. This two-part detailed study is done on the Qur'anic
manuscripts from Bodleian Library ( Variants, including shadhdh variants, are not only marked, but in a sense, highlighted by the use of different coloured dots. The presence of shadhdh variants alongside Seven, Ten or Fourteen Qira'a suggests that the shadhdh variants were treated as seriously as the main readings by those responsible for vocalization. The vocalized manuscript enables us to have some idea of the reading, or readings, represented. Where there are only single or limited folios available this is not usually possible, but where there is either a distinctive feature, or enough of a sufficiently well-vocalized manuscript, it is often possible to fix the reading with some precision. 4. The Qur'anic Manuscripts In Museums, Institutes, Libraries & Collections Maktabat al-Jami‘
al-Kabir (Maktabat al-Awqaf), The Great Mosque, San‘a', Dar al-Kutub
al-Misriyya (Egyptian National Library), Astan-i Quds-i Razavi
Library, Islamic Museum, Beit al-Qur'an, The Nasser David
Khalili Collection Of Islamic Art, Bibliothèque
Nationale, The The The Institute Of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (See the manuscript from 1st/2nd century of hijra). one of the miracles of the Quran.. aside from its role in everyday life, politcs/economics/social structure/inheritance/ divorce, marriage, guidance/stories of old and things to come etc is the language.. which is completely different than anything encountered that even the best poets couldn't come up with similar and have it compass what it needs, and differs from the hadith which are the sayings of the prophet.. hence i is considered the living miracle.. you can listen to this recitation and notice how every verse ends with the same ending as an example of its poetry.. [MEDIA]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNPQPHqyXWc[/MEDIA] __________________ For the skeptic, no amount of proof will be enough,
and for the believer, no amount of proof is necessary. (#7 (permalink)) lifeguard Limited Member
Join Date: Jun 2009 Way of Life: Undisclosed Re: The Qur'an never altered? - 1 Day Ago -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the simple fact that the entire quran is memorized by kids as young as 5 makes me believe it is the true word of Allah..that's just one of the signs which Allah has shown by saying that He Himself will safeguard the Quran...plus by reading the quran and it's translation confirms it's purity and supreme eloquence apart from any book...that's for me...i dunno abt others (#8 (permalink)) Zafran The Muslim
Way of Life: Muslim Re: The Qur'an never altered? - 1 Day Ago -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- salaam The quran is easy to memorize (you just need a lot of time and effort) - All muslims have memorized some parts of the Quran. - Which helps with the preservation. Scholars and hafiz (specific people who memorize the Quran) are all over the world - who pass the Quran on Orally which can be traced back to the prophet - furthermore the Quran also has a rhyme and a rythem which is one of the things which makes the Quran easy to remember. peace __________________ The teachings of Islam can fail under no circumstances. With all our systems of culture and civilization, we can not go beyond Islam and, as a matter of fact, no human mind can go beyond the Qur'an. (Letter of Goethe to Eckermann, Sir Henry Elliott's collection, 1865) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Last edited by Zafran; 1 Day Ago at 03:53 AM.. (#9 (permalink)) Shakoor15 LI Oldtimer Way of Life: Muslim Re: The Qur'an never altered? - 1 Day Ago -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ya exactly there are so many millions of huffaz around the world that will know right away if a certain verse has been altered or fabricated. Myself along with at least 10 million others around the world today have alhmadulillah memorized the Quran haraka for haraka. And wthout a doubt a hafiz will know if an ayah has been changed in even the slightest way. __________________
http://www.islamicboard.com/clarifications-about-islam/134284080-quran-never-altered.html |
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